Data communication and OSI layer Model

  . 🖥️ 1. What is TCP/IP? TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is a set of communication protocols used to connect computers and devices over the internet or local networks. It defines how data is packaged, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received from one device to another. TCP/IP is the foundation of modern networking and is used by all internet-based applications (like websites, emails, YouTube, etc.). 🌐 2. Why Do We Need TCP/IP? Without TCP/IP: Devices would not understand each other’s data There would be no standard format for communication Internet services would not function TCP/IP solves this by providing a universal communication language for all connected devices. 🧱 3. Layers of TCP/IP Model TCP/IP is divided into 4 layers , each with a unique function: 🔹 a. Application Layer Closest to the user Interacts with software applications (browsers, email apps) Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS 🔹 b. Transport L...

  🌐 Introduction Have you ever wondered how your WhatsApp message or an email reaches from your device to someone else's device across the world? Behind this communication lies a well-structured system called the OSI Reference Model . OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a conceptual framework used to understand and design how data travels from one computer to another over a network. 📘 What is the OSI Model? The OSI Model was developed by ISO (International Standards Organization) in 1984. It consists of 7 layers , each responsible for a specific function in data communication. Full Form: OSI – Open Systems Interconnection Type: Conceptual (Theoretical) model Purpose: Standardize communication between different systems 🧱 7 Layers of the OSI Model (Top to Bottom) 1. Application Layer (Layer 7) This is the layer closest to the end-user. It provides network services directly to user applications like browsers and email. Functions: ✅ Web browsin...