Data communication and OSI layer Model

🧱 Layered Tasks in Data Communication Network Data communication is a complex process, so it's divided into layers to make it easier to design, implement, and troubleshoot. This concept is the foundation of the OSI Model and TCP/IP Model. 🎯 Why Layering? To break a complex communication task into smaller, manageable parts Each layer performs specific functions Layers work independently but communicate with each other 📚 Main Layered Tasks: Here are the common tasks that are divided across different layers: 1️⃣ Physical Layer Tasks Transmission of raw bits (0s and 1s) over a physical medium Define cables, voltages, connectors 2️⃣ Data Link Layer Tasks Framing of data Error detection and correction Flow control and MAC addressing 3️⃣ Network Layer Tasks Routing of packets Logical addressing (IP Addressing) Decide path for data transfer 4️⃣ Transport Layer Tasks Ensures end-to-end communication Segmentation and reassembly of data Error recovery and flow control 5️⃣ Session Layer Tas...

  🔹 Introduction: The internet connects millions of devices globally. But have you ever wondered how these devices understand each other? The answer lies in protocols and standards — they are the invisible rules that make communication possible. 🔹 What is a Protocol? A protocol is a set of rules that defines how data is transmitted, received, and processed between devices in a network. Just like humans use grammar to speak clearly, computers use protocols to communicate effectively. 🧠 Example: When you open a website, your browser uses HTTP protocol to fetch the web page. 🔹 Why Do We Need Standards? Without common standards, one computer might speak "English" and another "Chinese" — they won’t understand each other. Standards ensure that all devices, regardless of brand or platform, follow the same communication rules. These are set by organizations like: IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) ISO (International Organization for Standardiz...